Иностранный язык ИФ (11 гр. МИст. ОЗО)

STRATEGIES FOR WRITING THE RESEARCH PAPER: DRAFTING,

REVISING, EDITING, PUBLISHING

DRAFTING

Написание первого варианта работы

Task 1 Learn the guidelines and study the model of writing a thesis statement.

                                          Writing the Thesis Statement

Написание тезисов

Once you have synthesized, or pulled together, your research to form an outline, you

should use that outline as the basis of your first draft. As you draft, you want to flesh out

your outline, adding an introduction and conclusion and working the results of your

research into the flow of your paper.

A clear, well-worded thesis statement expresses your main idea and serves as a

guideline to help you keep on track as you write your first draft. Therefore, before you start

to write, evaluate your working thesis to ensure that it covers all the topics in your outline.

The following guidelines will help you to revise your working thesis statement.

Writing the Thesis Statement

1 A thesis statement should make the main point of your research paper clear to a

reader.

2 A thesis statement should be broad enough to cover all the main topics listed in your

outline.

3 A thesis statement should be narrow enough to cover only the topics listed in your

outline.

4 A thesis statement should fit smoothly into your introduction.

Model: Writing the Thesis Statement

Here are the examples of writing the working and the revised thesis statement.

Topic

Suppose you are doing a research on the subject of animal camouflage and have come

up with the following main topics:

I Creatures with spots resembling eyes that appear threatening to would-be predators

II Creatures with coloration that matches the environment

III Creatures with coloration that changes with the seasons.

                                      Working Thesis Statement

Many creatures find some protection from predators through coloration that blends

into the environment.

Comment

The preceding thesis is too narrow because it fails to include the category of creatures

with eyespots, whose camouflage does not blend into the environment but instead makes

the creature appear threatening. A revision can broaden the thesis.

                                      Revised Thesis Statement

Many creatures adopt a disguise that helps protect them from predators.

 

Task 2 Write the thesis statement for your research paper.

 

Task 3 Learn the structure of the research paper and analyze the student model.

Notice how each element fits into the whole structure and how research details are worked

in and cited.

                                      Structuring the Research Paper

                     Структурирование исследовательской работы

Model: Structuring the Research Paper in the Process of Drafting

TITLE

New help for people with disabilities

INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND INFORMAION

Computers have proved their usefulness in business, learning, and play. For much of

the population, at work and at home, they have made ordinary tasks easier, faster, and often

more fun. Computers, however, can do more than make already possible procedures more

efficient.

THESIS STATEMENT

For many people with disabilities, computers can make the impossible possible – by

providing language for people who cannot speak, vision for those who cannot see, and

movement for people with disabilities who cannot move.

BODY: MAIN TOPIC I FROM OUTLINE

A computer program to help children with language disabilities communicate has

been developed by Laura Meyers, a specialist in children’s language development. As a

child types on the keyboard, each letter, word, and sentence is displayed on the screen and

“pronounced” by a voice synthesizer – a device that imitates the sound of a human voice.

BORROWED WORDS IN QUOTATION MARKS

“The children see the thought printed. They hear it repeated, and it becomes

psychologically real to them because they did it themselves” (Adelson 166).

BODY: MAIN TOPIC II FROM OUTLINE

Computers are also opening new doors for the blind. “Seeing Eye” computers are

being developed that can alert people who are sightless to objects in their path. A camera

worn on the shoulder takes in images of objects ahead. A computer then processes these

images and, with a speech generator, “talks”.

BORROWED FACT CITED WITH NOTE

Devices have also been developed to help people who are blind read. One reading

machine converts printed characters into patterns of vibrating rods that can be “read” with

the fingerprints. Another more sophisticated machine converts a printed text into

synthesized speech and also into Braille/

BODY: MAIN TOPIC III FROM OUTLINE

Computers have come to the aid of people who are movement-impaired as well. John

Trimble at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Illinois is working on a chair with

movable legs controlled by a microprocessor. Mechanical devices work hand in hand with

computers, even on the simplest level.

CONCLUSION: RESTATES THESIS

Although the costs of developing technological aids are enormous, the rewards are

enormous too. Moreover, money that went into long-term care, and hospitalization of

people with disabilities, as well as lost wages and skills, can now be devoted to research

into computer technology for people with disabilities.

WORKS CITED

1 Adelson, Suzanne. “Laura Mayers Creates Software that Talks Friendly to Help

Disabled KIDS Find their VOICES.” People Weekly 4 Dec. 1989: 65-66.

2 Cattoche, Robert J. Computers for the Disabled. New York: Watts, 1986.

 

Task 4 Write the structure of your research paper. Incorporate words, ideas and

facts from your sources. Each time you use information from a source, write the title,

author, and page number in parentheses after the detail.

 

Task 5 Learn the instruction how to write citing source

                                              Using and Citing Sources

Использование и цитирование источников

The ideas and the words of authors are protected by copyrights. Using borrowed

words, ideas, and facts is called plagiarism. Therefore, in research papers, one has to

provide parenthetical notes, footnotes, or endnotes. In addition, a list of works cited, similar

to bibliography, must appear at the end of your pap Parenthetical citations appear within parentheses directly following the borrowed

material in the paper itself. Footnotes appear at the bottom of page. Endnotes appear on a

separate sheet at the end of the paper, after the conclusion but before the works with cited

page or bibliography.

Citing Sources

1 Cite the source of a direct quotation. Use direct quotations when the original

wording makes the point more clearly.

2 Cite the sources of ideas you gained from your research, even when you express the

ideas in your own words.

3 Cite the sources of figures and statistics that you use.

4 Do not cite sources that are common knowledge.

 

Task 6 Give the examples of citing sources in your research paper.