44.04.01 Магистратура. Географическое образование (Деловой иностранный язык)

Read the text, practice the last two paragraphs for test reading. Render it in Russian.

      The Association of Teacher Educators (ATE) is committed to excellence in teacher education. To respond to the very diverse practices existing in the states that allow alternative teacher certification (ATC) programs ATE recommends these guidelines:

1.       Each graduate in a ATC program should have completed college courses which lead to a command of major concepts in written and oral communication, math, social science, physical science, humanities (including the arts and literature) and nonwestern contemporary culture.

2.       State exams in basic skills required of students in regular teacher education programs should be required of ATC candidates.

3.       ATC candidates should pass personal interviews assessing orientation to the nature of teaching, the nature of students and goals of school.

4.       Candidate selection must include analysis of career and work histories, type and nature of previous careers, performance in former jobs, periods of employment (and unemployment), hospitalization, etc.

5.       Selection should follow direct experiences with children and youth. This requirement can be met with a summer of paid work before employment. This enables some candidates to opt out or be selected out.

6.       When possible, prior, direct experiences with children and youth should be in the same school building where candidates will begin as intern teachers.

7.       ATC candidates should be paid for the direct, supervised experiences with state or district funds provided for them to be paid the same as beginning ATC teachers. A paid experience will be a recruiting mechanism.

8.       Experienced teachers should serve as mentors, support teachers and coaches of ATC candidates throughout the first year at a ratio of 2 candidates to 1 teacher. In the years 2 and 3 the ratio might become 8 to 1. At least 20% of the experienced teachers’ assigned load should be allocated to the mentor role. Mentors should be paid extra, based on a number of candidates supervised. A minimum of 500 dollars is recommended for each first year ATC candidate with whom a mentor works.

9.       Mentors should receive special training in coaching and advising ATC candidates. Training might be offered by university personal, consultants, highly-qualified classroom teachers, etc.

10.  ATC candidates should not be required to take more than one three-credit course or more than 45 hours of instruction per semester – from any source – during their first year of teaching.

11.  In the first semester of their first year, ATC candidates should be assigned less than a full teaching load.

12.  States should issue a temporary alternative certificate to individuals participating in these programs. There need to be official recognition of the status of ATC candidates.

Before achieving regular certification, ATC teachers should have to pass all state-mandated tests related to professional content and pedagogy required of individuals completing teacher education programs in universities.

      ATC programs as represented here are more costly than regular programs. They should be offered to recruit new, talented personnel into teaching, not to save money.

Say: why many teachers quit their jobs.

How teachers’ deficit effects the quality of education.

Suggest effective measures to improve the situation.

Look through the text again and find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases: the association of Teacher Educators; alternative teacher certification; command of major concepts; basic skills; include analysis of career; to opt out; intern teachers; a paid experience will be a recruiting mechanism; experienced teachers; mentors should receive special training in coaching; a full teaching load; the status of ATC candidates.

Task 2

 Translate the sentences (in written form)

1. Prehistoric man turned out to be the first inventor of tools and weapons. 2. The Greek philosophers are considered to have contributed much to the development of science. 3. Aristotle is known to have exercised a great influence on the principles of scientific thinking. 4. Psychology and economics prove to attract a great number of young researchers. 5. We think our scientific supervisors to help us much in writing theses. 6. Science is likely to develop new fields of research. 7. The ideas of professor Brown appear to produce a breakthrough in understanding of this phenomenon. 8. Every post-graduate student is expected to write a number of scientific papers. 9. A scientific supervisor thinks a post-graduator’s work to be completed if it takes the form of a dissertation. 10. The conference is sure to give a new stimulus to further investigation of the problem.

Read and translate the text. Express the main ideas of each paragraph. Compress and transform the text into 10 sentences.                                                

                                                     SCIENCE

Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. An older and closely related meaning still in use today is that of Aristotle for whom scientific knowledge was a body of reliable knowledge that can be logically and rationally explained. Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy. In the early modern era the words "science" and "philosophy" were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language. By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called "natural science") had begun to be considered separately from «philosophy» in general, while, "science" continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science. However, in modern use, "science" is still mainly treated as synonymous with 'natural and physical science', and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics. This is now the dominant sense in ordinary use. The word "science" became increasingly associated with the disciplined study of physics, chemistry, geology and biology. This sometimes left the study of human thought and society in a linguistic limbo, which was resolved by classifying these areas of academic study as social science. In its turn the term «humanities» or «arts» refers to the subjects of study that are concerned with the way people think and behave, for example literature, language, history and philosophy (as it understood nowadays).

Science is often distinguished from other domains of human culture by its progressive nature: in contrast to art, religion, philosophy, morality, and politics, there exist clear standards or normative criteria for identifying improvements and advances in science. For example, the historian of science George Sarton argued that “the acquisition and systematization of positive knowledge are the only human activities which are truly cumulative and progressive,” and “progress has no definite and unquestionable meaning in other fields than the field of science”. However, the traditional cumulative view of scientific knowledge was effectively challenged by many philosophers of science in the 1960s and the 1970s, and thereby the notion of progress was also questioned in the field of science.

Debates on the normative concept of progress are at the same time concerned with axiological questions about the aims and goals of science. The task of philosophical analysis is to consider alternative answers to the question: What is meant by progress in science? This conceptual question can then be complemented by the methodological question: How can we recognize progressive developments in science? Relative to a definition of progress and an account of its best indicators, one may then study the factual question: to what extent, and in which respects, is science progressive?

Say if the following statements are true of false. Correct the false statements.

1.  The term «science» is applied only to natural science. 2. The word «knowledge» is derived from the negation «no», meaning the path leading from ignorance to understanding the world. 3. Natural and physical sciences deal with testable explanations and predictions. 4. Aristotle studied the body of a human being and gained a reliable knowledge in this sphere. 5. There was a time when «science» and «philosophy» meant the same. 6. The word «science» and the word combination «natural and physical science» are looked upon as synonymous. 7. Pure mathematics is included into the notion «natural and physical science». 8. Library science naturally belongs to humanities.